Alcohol consumption is a common social activity that can lead to various physiological effects, including the dreaded hangover. Understanding why we get hangovers requires delving into the complex interactions between alcohol and our bodies.
Metabolism of Alcohol
When we ingest alcohol, it is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach and small intestine. The liver then metabolizes alcohol through a series of enzymatic reactions, primarily involving alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that is further broken down into acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
Dehydration and Electrolyte Imbalance
Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it increases urine production and can lead to dehydration. Dehydration, coupled with the flushing out of essential electrolytes such as potassium and magnesium, contributes to the symptoms of a hangover. The loss of electrolytes disrupts the balance of fluids in the body, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness and fatigue.
Immune Response and Inflammation
Alcohol consumption triggers an inflammatory response in the body, leading to the release of cytokines and other immune system molecules. This immune activation plays a role in the symptoms of a hangover, such as headache and fatigue. The inflammatory response can also contribute to gastrointestinal issues commonly experienced during a hangover, such as nausea and stomach upset.
Effects on Neurotransmitters
Alcohol disrupts the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. These disruptions can result in symptoms like mood disturbances, anxiety, and impaired cognitive function. The interaction of alcohol with neurotransmitters can also affect sleep patterns, leading to disturbances in sleep quality and duration experienced during a hangover.
